Song Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Melody - Essay Example nnot consolidate inventive verses into their tunes that try to draw in the audience with imaginative and intriguing approaches to handle an extremely restricted topic; a topic that is perpetually managing love as well as misfortune. As a methods for understanding one current exceptionally fruitful tune that is right now encountering a lot of radio broadcast appointment, this specific examination will consider Rihanna’s single â€Å"Diamonds† inside the setting of its utilization of analogy, similitude, and imagery. As an element of understanding the manners by which these artistic gadgets are used inside the given tune, it is the expectation of this writer that another degree of thankfulness for the methods by which lyricists look to draw in the audience with new and energizing methods for depicting something that has been handed-off an endless number of times before will be figured it out. Concerning likeness inside the given melody being referred to, the absolute first lines of the tune state: â€Å"Shine brilliant like a diamond† (Rihanna 1). Along these lines, the quick utilization of metaphor is used as an approach to draw in the audience with the amazing symbolism of a shimmering jewel as intelligent of the way that new love sparkles and appears as something completely and altogether interesting inside the domain of human experience (Gabrielsson 15). Obviously the metaphor in this specific occurrence goes about as something beyond as comparison, it gives a level of imagery in assisting with speaking to the exemplification of affection inside the tune as something much the same as an uncommon and valuable stone that brilliantly announces itself any place it exists. Further instances of metaphor in the tune exist inside the rehashed lines â€Å"We’re like jewels in the sky† (Rihanna 1). Such an utilization of analogy strengthens the possibility of correlation with the extravagance of the affection that the lyricist endeavors to pass on to the audience (Palmer 39). In much a similar way similitude is utilized too inside the line â€Å"You’re a falling star I see† (Rihanna 1). Normally, such an

Effects of Academic Dishonesty on Higher Education Essay

Scholarly unscrupulousness is a bad habit that is tormenting advanced education in today’s society. While speakers and test invigilators consistently appear to be a stage behind in getting the guilty parties, the procedures being created by the understudies to beat the framework can nearly be seen with inauspicious interest. The accentuation that has been put on advanced education with regards to work status has completely slanted the ethical compass of understudies and individuals who were of â€Å"respected character† in their secondary schools are for the most part making careful effort while disclosing why the decided to cheat; this is for the most part after they are gotten. The difficulties being introduced to the little youngsters and young ladies in our halls of higher learning can be handled a similar way these understudies made the evaluations in secondary school. It’s about duty and difficult work. (Anderman et al, 2007) Reasons for Cheating Students will cheat on the off chance that they are not satisfactorily arranged or on the off chance that they accept paying little heed to their comprehension of the course content, they are simply not going to pass. Taking a gander at the principal reason, inability to enough get ready for a CAT or a test yet one has been given all the material must be accused on one’s carelessness. On the subsequent explanation, the understudies may have motivation to accept that there will be a distinction between the inquiries being posed and the material they have examined. They could put together their doubts with respect to the past acts of these specific speaker or they simply don't have confidence on the substance they have been instructed. This once in a while occurs however what understudies don't comprehend is it isn't the lecturer’s job to â€Å"spoon-feed† them in the whole course plot. One of the desires society has on graduates is that one ought to in any event have the option to lead an examination freely. Some portion of the substance would in this manner not be given in class and the teacher will anticipate that the understudies should lead their own reality discovering missions. Subsequently, one ought not denounce a teacher for posing an inquiry that one wasn’t acquainted with before taking a gander at the course plot. (Callahan, 2004) Plagiarism, Fabrication and Deception The sort of cheating took a gander at above spotlights on test based method of assessments. Research work directed by understudies or even college staff has not been saved this bad habit either. This sort of cheating is described by written falsification, manufacture and misleading. Counterfeiting is the most well-known particularly with college understudies. The web has end up being very creative with data about essentially anything being only a mouse click away. Firm punishments like being removed or suspended from the college do exist yet there are as yet a couple of fearless spirits who accept they can pull off it. At the point when one moves to the post-graduate and doctorate levels, instances of copyright infringement are very insignificant. Having one’s name discolored with literary theft is a label that will tail you for the remainder of your vocation. (Bowman, 2004, p 25) The couple of instances of scholastic deceptive nature revealed typically emerge from deliberately introducing bogus information. Research work is a tedious procedure that can take months and even years. It tends to be very heartbreaking if toward the finish of your exploration, the trial results don't coordinate your speculation. Sporadically, a few people like to manufacture their outcomes as opposed to rehashing the whole procedure or conceding that their examination was uncertain. You may pull off it if the specialists in that specific field are not many however the drop out that would follow when you are found has demonstrated to be the best obstruction. (Bowman, 2004) Studies in the Unites States show that â€Å"70% of understudies in secondary school have cheated† (Anderman et al, 2007) implying that this bad habit was not out of nowhere obtained when these understudies joined college. It has moved to a point where when understudies are found cheating, they are most likely frantic at themselves since they were gotten as opposed to having regret. The probability that you may really be gotten ought to be the best impediment to cheating; not the punishment got after you are captured. You will possibly stress over the punishment on the off chance that you are uncertain about whether you will pull off it. (Anderman et al, 2007) Effects on Higher Education Cheating negatively affects advanced education in that the whole believability of the framework is addressed. Take for example an understudy who effectively cheated during his time at a specific business college by one way or another sneaks through the splits in the framework and is utilized in the activity showcase. Research has demonstrated a lion's share of individuals found rehearsing unsound strategic policies like stealing of assets doubtlessly took an interest in scholastic deceptive nature during their time in college. The shame such an individual will bring to their learning organization is boundless. Moreover, the validity of understudies who went through this business college will likewise be brought into question. Any reasonable person would agree that a plundered business venture will reconsider before utilizing somebody from that disfavored business college. Dominant part of colleges depend on awards and research assets to run their costly projects. While assets from nearby specialists, understudy expenses or even the government may be sufficient to run a few projects, a vast dominant part of courses depend on immense money restores that examination programs produce. This can change if the whole advanced education framework is brought into offensiveness because of across the board instances of cheating. At present, scarcely any colleges set out to concede that the issue is more broad than it is accounted for. They know about the bad habit and admit to it being pervasive for the most part in the undergrad level. Today, the expense of recruiting a college to play out an examination for your sake is an extravagance delighted in by organizations or foundations that can bear the cost of the significant expenses. The avocation for these significant expenses is credited to the degree of expertise required to lead this examination; and this aptitudes must be found at our organizations of higher learning. This place of cards could presumably come tumbling down if the present degrees of scholastic contemptibility keep persevering. The examination work will proceed however the income being created will decay. Invested individuals will contend that the across the board instances of cheating in your college don't legitimize the extreme research expenses being charged. (Callahan, 2004, p 72) Most scholastic researchers will never let it be known however the esteem that accompanies getting capabilities from a perceived foundation of higher learning had an impact when they chose to seek after advanced education. Demigods and built up athletes and ladies continue coming back to colleges to complete their degree courses paying little heed to the measure of riches they have amassed. Dislike getting a degree promises you a superior disaster protection bundle or longer future; it is the thing that the degree speaks to. Incidentally, con artists likewise understand this. A college degree is a rubberstamp of information in today’s society. A few kin have griped that their kindred siblings or sisters are held in higher respect by their folks or family members since they went to a college (an esteemed one). Is this framework reasonable? Truly it is on the grounds that being chosen to join a college and effectively finishing one’s course isn't a simple undertaking. I accept the individuals who have dealt with this accomplishment merit each honor they get. This great is anyway disintegrated by instances of scholarly untrustworthiness. Such individuals wind up discoloring the names of the foundations in addition to the individuals who will go through its passageways long after they are no more. There is a class framework in each general public and a vast larger part of them are isolated by riches collected or the degree of instruction achieved. Without getting into the advantages and disadvantages of a general public separated by class, the fact of the matter is in each general public there should be pioneers and adherents; you can't have both. A person’s instruction status has been an indicator for today’s pioneer. Changing this because of some maladroit acts of certain understudies who were gotten with lodging notes seems implausible however is conceivable if the issue gets endemic. (Bowman, 2004, p 26) Conclusion At its current â€Å"manageable levels† scholarly deceitfulness should be cleared out since it affects the assurance of understudies who have decided to walk the straight way yet they are lingering behind their partners who are cheating. The glory of advanced education will be safeguarded just if its individuals regard its standards and standards. Tragically, it is these equivalent individuals who are decimating the framework however the buck despite everything stops with them in fixing the discolored picture. (Callahan, 2004, p 78) References Anderman E M, Murdock T B (2007) Psychology of Academic Cheating. Amsterdam; Boston, Elsevier Academic Press, pp 15-18 Bowman V, ed. (2004) The literary theft plague: An asset guide and CD-ROM instructional exercise for instructors and bookkeepers, New York: Neal-Schuman Publishers, pp 25-26 Callahan, D (2004) The tricking society: Why more Americans are fouling up to excel, Orlando, FL: Harcourt. Hayden and West Stacks, pp 69-78

The Challenge of Public Health

The Challenge of Public Health Now with my internship going into its 8th week, I figured I should write something about what Im doing. =p This really has nothing to do with MIT, so be forewarned. =D Since the middle of June, I have been interning at a fairly large Asian public health clinic in Oakland, CA. During our stay, I shadowed doctors, attended healthcare lectures, designed surveys, debated in health discussions, helped the clinic to fundraise, interpreted for patients, and participated in community health outreaches and even one protest in front of the state Capitol in Sacramento. Truthfully, despite being a premed, I knew very little about the current US healthcare reform debate prior to this summer (and Im still learning). Growing up under Taiwans Universal Health Plan, I really had no sense of the great disparity of wealth and afforded healthcare in the American population. In Taiwan, seeing a doctor for ailments such as coughs and sneezes is commonplace, and I remember that my mom would whisk me off to the doctor for medicine at the slightest sign of a recurring cough or a stuffy nose that refused to go away. I remembered that in middle school, copayments for each outpatient visit to the local clinic was 50 NTD (less than $2 USD per visit, even with all the meds that the doctors give you). Since then, the price has increased to generally 150 NTD (about $5 USD), but this is still an extremely trivial amount to pay for a doctors visit and getting two weeks worth of medicine. At MIT, Im covered under the MIT Extended Student Insurance Plan, and except for a semesterly figure on my tuition bill, thats the extent of understanding my own health insurance. (i havent been to MIT Medical much anyway the only time when i actually felt bad enough to go to Medical was last fall? when i had severe diarrhea for like 3-4 days and i panicked once i started vomiting and having a light fever. the kind doctor gave me two ginger ales and chatted with me for about half an hour, then sent me home. i stopped vomiting that night.) Then I come to this clinic in Oakland, and see that 95.2% of our patients are either uninsured, covered by federal/state/county aided health insurance (Medicare, Medi-Cal (Californias version of Medicaid), and Healthy Families (children lacking health insurance and fall under a certain income level; sponsored by the state California)). Fully 97.9% of the patients fall below 200% of the federal poverty level (for those of you who are too lazy to click on the link, ill spell it out for you. FPI is $22,050 for a family of four (69.6% of the patients are below this income level) and 200% FPI is $44,100 for a family of four (another 28.3% of the patients are below that figure). if you consider the fact that MIT covers full tuition for families making less than $75,000, youll realize that $22,050 is very, very little money for a family). Adding on to this is the fact that nearly 80% of the patients are linguistically isolated (defined as an individual that speaks an language other than English at home and does not speak English well or very well), its been an exceedingly powerful learning experience at times. One patient held up a hospital bill for $11,000 USD, the cost of a 3-day inpatient stay at the county hospital for treatment. He was uninsured. He expressed to the doctor that if he knew that the bill was this steep, he would have refused to go, even through his condition warranted hospital stay. He was unemployed, and so was his wife. The only option now is to enroll him in Medi-Cal (state Medicaid) and see if the state will retroactively cover his bill. Another patient waited nearly 18 months to get a routine colonoscopy since the only medical facility where he can get it done is the local county hospital due to insurance coverage. If you had private insurance and is decently well-off, you can get one scheduled for next week. Yet another patient had a scheduled referral at the county hospital, where she sat in the emergency room for six hours, after unsuccessfully trying to flag down medical staff to obtain an interpreter. She could not speak English; none of the doctors nor the nurses knew what she wanted. She came back to the clinic asking for help. Knowing the overbooked schedules of the county hospital medical staff and the scarcity of interpretation services there (even though this is a federally-mandated law under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, 1964 and Executive Order 13166 under President Clinton, 2000), the clinic sent one of their interpreters with her, and she was finally able to get seen but not after waiting another six hours. Such is the predicament of low-income and linguistically-isolated patients in our country. Try this exercise: find a friend. Pick one to be the doctor, and the other will play the role of the patient. The doctor and the patient both have limited vocabulary; the doctor may only use words that begin with the first 13 letters of the alphabet (A-M) and the patient may only use words that begin with the last 13 letters of the alphabet (N-Z) (articles and pronouns included). Neither side may use vocabulary that obviously arent used in everyday speech. Then, these are the objectives: Patient: Diarrhea and vomiting for three days, feels slightly dizzy, tries to drink water but keeps on vomiting it up, fever of over 100 degrees, has no appetite, tried taking tylenol but it doesnt really help. Doctor: Recommends plenty of rest, dont eat anything too heavy, try to replace fluids lost, if cannot keep water down by tomorrow, come back for an IV, will prescribe tylenol with codeine and see if it works better than regular tylenol. Call if doesnt feel better by tomorrow noon. When I tried it with a friend, this is what it ended up sounding like: Patient: Poop water poop water poop. Vomit yesterday yesterday, yesterday, today. No sense of straight. Walls slanted. Once water take, vomit soon. No want yummy things. Tylenol take, no work. Doctor: Be in bed much. Eat light foods. Drink juice, cola, flow from faucet. Day after, feel bad come back for drip-drop in arm. Me give extra good medicine. Call me if feel bad day after. This sounds funny, but at least were speaking the same language. Many times, with linguistically isolated patients, doctor consultation visits turn into wild games of charades, adding pressure on top of the doctors already overbooked appointment schedules. And these patients are never too far away from you they share a seat with you on the BART (the SF equivalent of the Commuter Rail in Boston), they made the egg tarts that youve just delightfully bought at Chinatown, and they probably pressed the laundry you brought in yesterday to dry-clean. This is who the fight is about; this is the population who are on the cutting board of health care reform. On July first of this year, the State of California caved in to Medi-Cal budget cuts, eliminating many areas termed optional care for low-income individuals. Patients solely on Medi-Cal will no longer be eligible for dental, podiatric, and optometric services. This means no more dental check-ups, no more feet check-ups for chronic diabetics, and quite literally, no more eyeglasses. Now, these measures were passed as a response to the California budget crisis, and I understand that the governments hands are tied somewhat, but its important to realize that theres often a personal side to all of this. Next time you read about health care reform on the news or follow HR 3200 through Congress, remember these people. Remember the elderly dishwater couple who survive on a salary of $400 a month, hoping fervently that neither gets sick because theres just no more money to spare. Remember the new immigrant borrowing English cassette tapes from her friends after her 15-hour shift just so she can hopefully pick up enough phrases to find a job outside of the factory. Remember the $11,000 medical bill. Pick up the phone. Get a postcard. Write to your legislators. Follow the news. Become involved. This is their fight, but it is ours too.

The Challenge of Public Health

The Challenge of Public Health Now with my internship going into its 8th week, I figured I should write something about what Im doing. =p This really has nothing to do with MIT, so be forewarned. =D Since the middle of June, I have been interning at a fairly large Asian public health clinic in Oakland, CA. During our stay, I shadowed doctors, attended healthcare lectures, designed surveys, debated in health discussions, helped the clinic to fundraise, interpreted for patients, and participated in community health outreaches and even one protest in front of the state Capitol in Sacramento. Truthfully, despite being a premed, I knew very little about the current US healthcare reform debate prior to this summer (and Im still learning). Growing up under Taiwans Universal Health Plan, I really had no sense of the great disparity of wealth and afforded healthcare in the American population. In Taiwan, seeing a doctor for ailments such as coughs and sneezes is commonplace, and I remember that my mom would whisk me off to the doctor for medicine at the slightest sign of a recurring cough or a stuffy nose that refused to go away. I remembered that in middle school, copayments for each outpatient visit to the local clinic was 50 NTD (less than $2 USD per visit, even with all the meds that the doctors give you). Since then, the price has increased to generally 150 NTD (about $5 USD), but this is still an extremely trivial amount to pay for a doctors visit and getting two weeks worth of medicine. At MIT, Im covered under the MIT Extended Student Insurance Plan, and except for a semesterly figure on my tuition bill, thats the extent of understanding my own health insurance. (i havent been to MIT Medical much anyway the only time when i actually felt bad enough to go to Medical was last fall? when i had severe diarrhea for like 3-4 days and i panicked once i started vomiting and having a light fever. the kind doctor gave me two ginger ales and chatted with me for about half an hour, then sent me home. i stopped vomiting that night.) Then I come to this clinic in Oakland, and see that 95.2% of our patients are either uninsured, covered by federal/state/county aided health insurance (Medicare, Medi-Cal (Californias version of Medicaid), and Healthy Families (children lacking health insurance and fall under a certain income level; sponsored by the state California)). Fully 97.9% of the patients fall below 200% of the federal poverty level (for those of you who are too lazy to click on the link, ill spell it out for you. FPI is $22,050 for a family of four (69.6% of the patients are below this income level) and 200% FPI is $44,100 for a family of four (another 28.3% of the patients are below that figure). if you consider the fact that MIT covers full tuition for families making less than $75,000, youll realize that $22,050 is very, very little money for a family). Adding on to this is the fact that nearly 80% of the patients are linguistically isolated (defined as an individual that speaks an language other than English at home and does not speak English well or very well), its been an exceedingly powerful learning experience at times. One patient held up a hospital bill for $11,000 USD, the cost of a 3-day inpatient stay at the county hospital for treatment. He was uninsured. He expressed to the doctor that if he knew that the bill was this steep, he would have refused to go, even through his condition warranted hospital stay. He was unemployed, and so was his wife. The only option now is to enroll him in Medi-Cal (state Medicaid) and see if the state will retroactively cover his bill. Another patient waited nearly 18 months to get a routine colonoscopy since the only medical facility where he can get it done is the local county hospital due to insurance coverage. If you had private insurance and is decently well-off, you can get one scheduled for next week. Yet another patient had a scheduled referral at the county hospital, where she sat in the emergency room for six hours, after unsuccessfully trying to flag down medical staff to obtain an interpreter. She could not speak English; none of the doctors nor the nurses knew what she wanted. She came back to the clinic asking for help. Knowing the overbooked schedules of the county hospital medical staff and the scarcity of interpretation services there (even though this is a federally-mandated law under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, 1964 and Executive Order 13166 under President Clinton, 2000), the clinic sent one of their interpreters with her, and she was finally able to get seen but not after waiting another six hours. Such is the predicament of low-income and linguistically-isolated patients in our country. Try this exercise: find a friend. Pick one to be the doctor, and the other will play the role of the patient. The doctor and the patient both have limited vocabulary; the doctor may only use words that begin with the first 13 letters of the alphabet (A-M) and the patient may only use words that begin with the last 13 letters of the alphabet (N-Z) (articles and pronouns included). Neither side may use vocabulary that obviously arent used in everyday speech. Then, these are the objectives: Patient: Diarrhea and vomiting for three days, feels slightly dizzy, tries to drink water but keeps on vomiting it up, fever of over 100 degrees, has no appetite, tried taking tylenol but it doesnt really help. Doctor: Recommends plenty of rest, dont eat anything too heavy, try to replace fluids lost, if cannot keep water down by tomorrow, come back for an IV, will prescribe tylenol with codeine and see if it works better than regular tylenol. Call if doesnt feel better by tomorrow noon. When I tried it with a friend, this is what it ended up sounding like: Patient: Poop water poop water poop. Vomit yesterday yesterday, yesterday, today. No sense of straight. Walls slanted. Once water take, vomit soon. No want yummy things. Tylenol take, no work. Doctor: Be in bed much. Eat light foods. Drink juice, cola, flow from faucet. Day after, feel bad come back for drip-drop in arm. Me give extra good medicine. Call me if feel bad day after. This sounds funny, but at least were speaking the same language. Many times, with linguistically isolated patients, doctor consultation visits turn into wild games of charades, adding pressure on top of the doctors already overbooked appointment schedules. And these patients are never too far away from you they share a seat with you on the BART (the SF equivalent of the Commuter Rail in Boston), they made the egg tarts that youve just delightfully bought at Chinatown, and they probably pressed the laundry you brought in yesterday to dry-clean. This is who the fight is about; this is the population who are on the cutting board of health care reform. On July first of this year, the State of California caved in to Medi-Cal budget cuts, eliminating many areas termed optional care for low-income individuals. Patients solely on Medi-Cal will no longer be eligible for dental, podiatric, and optometric services. This means no more dental check-ups, no more feet check-ups for chronic diabetics, and quite literally, no more eyeglasses. Now, these measures were passed as a response to the California budget crisis, and I understand that the governments hands are tied somewhat, but its important to realize that theres often a personal side to all of this. Next time you read about health care reform on the news or follow HR 3200 through Congress, remember these people. Remember the elderly dishwater couple who survive on a salary of $400 a month, hoping fervently that neither gets sick because theres just no more money to spare. Remember the new immigrant borrowing English cassette tapes from her friends after her 15-hour shift just so she can hopefully pick up enough phrases to find a job outside of the factory. Remember the $11,000 medical bill. Pick up the phone. Get a postcard. Write to your legislators. Follow the news. Become involved. This is their fight, but it is ours too.

Analysis Of Genesis And The Of God - 1080 Words

It was not meant to be this way. By way of the Book of Genesis, we come to understand that God had something special planned for creation and humanity. Creation, where all things created by God, through the Logos or Second Person of the Trinity, by the power and presence of the Holy Spirit, culminating with humanity, was supposed to commune in harmony with God the Father. However, this perfect communion and relationship between God and humanity would be irreparably damaged by the disobedience of Adam and Eve and the indelible stain that act left on humankind. God, in spite of the evil and sin which were byproducts of this disobedience, still loved what He had created, especially mankind. Because of this love, He knew something needed to be done that was patently unique and special, in order to mend what had been broken. Not only would this act be a freely and unmerited gift of God’s love, what we call grace, but it would also bridge the chasm formed by sin between humanity and the divine; between God and mankind. The culmination of this act of love would be the incarnation of the Son of God. O’Collins recognized that two unique conditions would be necessary in order for the Son of God, in His role as 2nd Person of the Trinity, to be an effective Saviour; He needed to be truly human and truly divine (O’Collins 160). Thus as we learn from St. Paul in describing Jesus Christ in Philippians 2:6-7: â€Å"Who, though he was in the form of God, did not regard equality with GodShow MoreRelatedEssay about Religion 111 Study Questions Week 1979 Words   |  4 Pagesmeaning can be found in Genesis 1.1-2.4a? This passage gives meaning to the first creation story. It gives the order of how God created everything over the first six days starting with light and ending with the creation of animals and humans. Q2. What are the similarities and differences between the biblical and the Babylonian presentations of cosmic beginnings? The similarities between biblical and Babylonian beginnings are that there is a God of the bible and a god of the Enuma Elish knownRead MoreThe Bible, The Passage Of Genesis943 Words   |  4 Pagesset apart from all other earthly inhabitants. According to the Hebrew Bible, the passage of Genesis 1:26 – 31 can be excellently interpreted as one that contains the original blueprints of a divinely constructed purpose for the first humans. While the Book of Genesis, commonly attributed to the authorship of Moses, contains heavyset implications regarding pre-exilic and postexilic Israelite controversy, Genesis 1:26 – 31 reduces much of the common nuances in synchronic and diachronic perspectives asRead MoreGenesis Wilcox : The Creation Of The Earth, Humanity, And All Accounts Of Life852 Words   |  4 Pagesit is concluded that they must be products of two different times. Genesis 1:1-2:4a proposes a cosmocentric account while Genesis 2:4b-3 revolves around an anthropocent ric account of creation. Although both accounts foretell the creation of the heavens, the earth, humanity, and all accounts of life, the stories differ by the names for God, methodology, and order. The cosmocentric account of Genesis 1:1-2:4a is the story of how God created the heavens and the earth out of a void. He created the worldRead More Textual Analysis of Epic of Gilgamesh and Book of Genesis of the Holy Bible1056 Words   |  5 PagesA Textual Analysis of Genesis and the Epic of Gilgamesh The stories of the floods found in both Gilgamesh and Genesis contain many striking similarities that are inevitably beyond mere coincidence. One could surmise that both of these stories might have a basis in common historical occurrence. However, despite the fact that both of these works discuss a common topic, the portrayal of this event is quite different. Like identical twins raised in different cultures, the expressions ofRead MoreCritical Criticism Of Genesis1714 Words   |  7 Pagesfrom the place where you are† Genesis 13:14. The word genesis is the dawning of creation, and the biblical book of Genesis is the book that brings fourth the creation of our planet and the life that resides. Genesis also describes the descent of Adam and Eve and unveils the foundation that sin builds upon. Genesis introduces the origin of the holy land, Israel, and inception of holy covenants promised by the holy trinity; the son, the father, and the holy spirit. Genesis communicates the definite eventsRead MoreGod s Fourth Speech With Noah1328 Words   |  6 PagesIntr oduction God’s fourth speech with Noah (9:1-17) is a cluster of three sub-speeches, which will be further explored in this analysis. Similar aspects of Genesis 1 are echoed; a new cosmic order is installed, initiating a pre creation period. 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Yet his storyRead MoreDeveloping And Preaching The Sermon - Dr. Gennifer Brooks1367 Words   |  6 Pagescongregation that welcomes all who seek God, inclusive of age, race, education, economic status, sexual orientation. â€Å"The church believes in open doors, open hearts ministry and is very active in social justice ministry. The church hires professional singers as the Chancel Choir members and has recently hired a Music Director. The church offers membership classes twice a year to those who want to become United Methodists. Genesis 12:1-4a Good News statement: God guides us to new opportunities. DiscipleshipRead MoreGenesis Vs Greek : Families1362 Words   |  6 PagesGenesis vs Greek: Families When most people hear the word â€Å"family† they usually picture the first definition that appears in the Merriam-Webster Dictionary: â€Å"a group of individuals living under one roof†. However, a family can also be defined as â€Å"a group of persons of common ancestry†. Most importantly, family is about the relationships that a group of individuals has with one another, whether they are related by blood or not. The creation story found in Greek culture portrays a completely differentRead MoreThe Story Of Creation And The Fall Of Man1074 Words   |  5 PagesThe Story of Creation and the Fall of Man The story of creation and the fall of man are the mainly studied and more diligently and critically analyzed in the Bible. They are contained in the first three chapters of the Book of Genesis. The creation story is highly criticized in light of scientists and other non believers due the controversy that exist between science and religion. While science is subjective, Religion is objective and thus based on opinion. Nevertheless, the Bible appears more correct

Does Social Media Contribute to the development of Eating disorders in Young Adults - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 608 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/10 Category Society Essay Level High school Topics: Social Media Essay Did you like this example? Throughout the years social media has been identified as both a positive and negative role in the lives of young adults. The media today has expanded in a broad range of uses that consist of Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat and etc. The media allows individuals to have a glance at the lives of others simply by viewing ones own images and videos of themselves. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Social Media Contribute to the development of Eating disorders in Young Adults?" essay for you Create order Although the media can play a positive effect in the lives of individuals it can also reinforce negative feelings concerning ones own body. The media was intended to establish communities, meet new people, catch up on relatives, promote advertising and etc. It is assumed that the media has increased the chances of individuals to develop eating disorders in young adults. There have been numerous of studies that have shown the negative effects that media has on individuals. In 1954, psychologist Lesting Festinger developed the theory that individuals can identify oneself social and personal worth based on how people perceive them. In other words, people start to compare themselves on the things that the individuals may want but do not have or can develop inadequacy. This theory is recognized as Social Comparison Theory. An example of Social Comparison theory can consist of a female who is average weight views a Model magazine that portrays a tall thin model might develop feelings of body dissatisfaction in the individual. Today in society many individuals are effected in comparing oneself to others based off the images that is shown on social media. Often times, the media has represented unrealistic body expectation that can cause individuals to become dissatisfied in ones own appearance. This paper examines numerous of studies that focuses on how media contributes to the development of eating disorders in young adults. Over the past couple of years social media has been identified as both a positive and negative outcome for individuals who are active. The following four literature reviews attempts to identify and support social media contributing to eating disorders in young adults. By understanding the effects that social media can have on young adults allows researchers to have a better understanding and discover more ways on how to prevent them from happening in the future. Thompson and Heinberg (2008) There is an increasing evidence that the media may play a powerful role in the formation of eating disorders and body image disturbances (2008). The Literature review In Carney and Louws et als (2006) summary article reviewed a study on the relationship between eating disorders and the exposure to media in College Students. The main goal of this study was to be able to identify if social media contributes to eating disorders in young adults. The researchers African university Students and discovered that the women were more likely to develop anorexia nervosa than men. The focus on this study was on young adults, here was a total of 221 participants this study consisted of 221 college students who participated in this experiment that consisted of 176 women and 45 men. It is hypothesized that the individuals who have been exposed to social media are more likely going to develop an eating disorder. The methods that were used in this study involved having the students involved in two different phases. The first phase consisted of having the students take a questionnaire that focused on the relationship between social media and eating disorders. The questionnaire of this study consisted of questions that consisted of that co. Carney and Louws (2006) The main objective for this phase was to detect how much exposure each individual had to social media. The second phase focuses on interviewing each student in regard to how the ideal-type media affected the students eating attitudes (2006).

Hurricane Katrina Struck The Goal Coast In August 2005.

Hurricane Katrina struck the Goal Coast in August 2005. Approximately 1.5 million adults evacuated from their homes. The hurricane caused an excess of $96 billion of property damage and more than 1,800 deaths (Groen and Polivka, 2010). The immensity of the forced migration and damage to the region merits studying Hurricane Katrina’s effects on evacuees. We focus our analysis on the return migration decision, as this decision is essential in understanding the well-being of evacuees as well as changes in the social and economic structure of the areas struck by the hurricane. We do not attempt an exhaustive analysis, but we single out and discuss those factors, which through investigation of the literature, were major determinants of return†¦show more content†¦We must pay particular attention to the potentially immense costs of returning, which include both direct monetary costs of repairing or reconstructing a home, and also the large psychic cost resulting from reloca ting. We first study the impact of age on the return migration decision. Our model suggests that those with greater stocks of location-specific capital in New Orleans would be more likely to return. We would also expect that location-specific capital increases with age. Indeed, Groen and Polivka, based on data from the Current Population Survey, find that the probability of returning increases with age. Moreover, they find that older adults were more likely than younger adults to return to both high-damage and low-damage areas. Thus, even though a proportion of the location-specific capital stock was destroyed, because location-specific capital accumulates over time, older individuals had a greater incentive to return because of their relatively larger stocks of location-specific capital. Moreover, Sastry and Gregory, using data from the American Community Survey, compared the likelihood of return migration in young (25-39) and middle-aged adults (40-59). They found that a year after the hurricane struck, young adults (who had originally lived in New Orleans) were 60% more likely than middle-aged adults to be living in another location in Louisiana, about 80% more likely to be living in another location in theShow MoreRelatedThe Lessons of Hurricane Katrina820 Words   |  3 PagesIntroduction Hurricane Katrina resulted in massive loss of life and billions of dollars in property damage. There are many lessons worth learning from this event. Finger pointing started before the event was over. Most of the focus on Hurricane Katrina was on its impact on New Orleans; however, the storm ravaged a much wider area than that. This paper will briefly summarize the event, the impact on the city of New Orleans and the lessons learned to ensure preparedness today. Hurricane Katrina FormedRead More Hazard Mitigation Planning Essay4332 Words   |  18 Pagesproperty that might result in the occurrence of a natural of man-made hazard. Hurricanes are among the costliest and the most destructive of natural disasters. Since 1995, the United States has witnessed more intense activities by hurricanes with Mobile County in Alabama experiencing hurricane Ivan and hurricane Dennis in 2004 and 2005 (Link, 2010). In 2005, Hurricane Katrina was the costliest and one of the deadliest hurricanes to have hit the United States and was rated category three in Mobile CountyRead MoreEssay on Fema4227 Words   |  17 PagesNational Weather Service Community Preparedness Program and the Federal Disaster Assistance Administration. John Macy was appointed as FEMA’s first director and the mission became to prevent and protect the United States from disasters – whether it be hurricanes, tornados or war (12). FEMA operated as an independent agency until March of 2003, when FEMA was placed with 22 other federal agencies into the newly created Department of Homeland Security. This was the largest government reorganizationRead MoreThe Administration Of The U.s. Tax System1991 Words   |  8 Pagesoverwhelming majorities of 402-8 in the House and 96-2 in the Senate (VanDenburgh 2004, 1). The objective was to improve the overall tax administration with an emphasis on taxpayer responsiveness. To achieve this reform, the IRS established three strategic goals of providing â€Å"top quality service to each taxpayer,† providing â€Å"top quality service to all taxpayers† (enforcement), and â€Å"providing IRS employees with a quality work environment† to facilitate the required changes (JCT 2003, 1). In conjunction withRead MoreOn march 9th, 1997, the rapper Notorious Big was shot to death in LA during a drive by shooting. On2200 Words   |  9 Pagesthe Gulf Coast on the 29th of August of the year of 2005 was Hurricane Katrina. While being a huge catastrophe in itself, Katrina’s effects consisted of floods to US states that were not directly hit. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, exceptRead MoreMarketing Mistakes and Successes175322 Words   |  702 Pagespublished. These books are now in the eleventh and ninth editions, respectively, and have been widely translated. In 1992 Professor Hartley wrote Business Ethics: Violations of the Public Trust. Business Ethics Mistakes and Successes was published in 2005. He is listed in Who’s Who in America, and Who’s Who in the World. vii This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS Preface About the Author Chapter 1 Introduction PART I ENTREPRENEURIAL ADVENTURES Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Read MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesdivision, aiming to form long-term relationships with brands such as Philips and Bacardi. Rodol denied that the reorganisation was motivated by simple cost considerations, and underlined its importance for moving the brand forward towards long-term goals. Central would be keeping the brand cool in the eyes of its customers. The Ministry of Sound was perceived by many as having lost its ‘edginess’. Mark Rodol insisted: That’s what we’re working on. It is possible to be big and cutting edge – there

Cold war bridging the gap to peace Essay Example For Students

Cold war: bridging the gap to peace Essay Cold War: Bridging the Gap to PeaceOne might argue that the Cold War divided the world which is still present today. It also pulled countries ties with other countries further apart. However, these people fail to realize that the main superpowers of the Cold War are closer together than ever before. Both The United States and Russia (former U.S. S.R.) are now working together to limit the number of strategic arms further from what was settled at SALT I and SALT II. There are also numerous other areas where both the United States and Russia have become closer in relations than ever before. This created a stable world peace for the time being.The Arms Race in the Cold War brought about plenty of newly designed weapons capable of massive destruction. By 1969, both the United States and U.S. S.R. have developed over one thousand missiles to be used at their disposal. At the end of the Cold War and the fall of the U. S.S.R., both countries looked for ways to reduce the number of arms to prevent this atrocity from every happening again. In 1979, SALT-II was signed by the two countries but was lost over a quarrel over Afghanistan. What people dont realize was that the talks resumed and created a new program to further limit the number of ICBMs and other weapons of mass destruction. This program was entitled START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty). Besides including the two countries, Soviet satellite countries joined the program as well such as Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. Countries developed a defense program called NATO which would be used to help counties being attacked by the U.S.S.R. and its satellite countries. After the fall of the U.S.S. R., on May 27th, 1997, Russia joined NATO in Paris which marked the beginning of a commitment to build together a lasting and inclusive peace in the Euro-Atlantic area based on the principles of democracy and cooperative security, (Lord Robertson- NATO Security General). Many find that this is a little ironic as NATO was created to help fight against Russia and the rest of the U.S. S.R. and now the once hated enemy has now become part of the program. Although ironic, the signing of Russia to NATO shows that the relations between Russia and the western world have improved greatly. One final area where the United States and Russia have become closer together is in space. During the Cold War, the Space Race was used to show technological and scientific superiority by one country over another. The race ended with the Apollo 11 mission in which Neil Armstrong became the first man to walk on the moon. While a lot has happened since that famous mission in 1969, including the creation of the International Space Station. With the creation of the International Space Station, space superiority is now a worldwide effort in which we all share a common goal. There is no race anymore, only a race against time rather than against each other. The Cold War brought upon plenty of hardships between countries and also the verge of a nuclear warfare in 1962 with the Cuban Missile Crisis. But with the Cold War over and the fall of the U. S.S.R., the strength in the ties between the two countries has grown to become as close as ever. Just goes to show that sometimes you have to go backward before you can go forward.

The Connection Between Language and Race Essays - Culture

The Connection Between Language and Race Language exists as much to conceal as to signify. Whatever admirable relations such terminology signifies, the use of such language can be a way of embedding racist attitudes. Race' was first used in the English language in 1508, in a poem by William Dunbar, and through the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries it remained essentially a literary word denoting a class of persons or things. It was only in the late eighteenth century that the term came to mean a distinct category of human beings with physical characteristics transmitted by descent. Race has been used to distinguish who is who and language has been used to communicate with each other verbally and by writing. The importance of language is a key aspect and interaction in our everyday lives. We use language to communicate to the people around us about how we feel and question/understands this world that we are in. We communicate great with our words, emotions, and timbre of our voice in an abundance of situation. Would you talk to a small child with the same words you would in a business meeting? The ability to socialize with each other, form relationships, collaboration, and it's what separates humans from other animal species. Communication drives our lives and better ourselves. I have always been interested in languages. Our language is the most important part of our being. I think it is important to learn other languages because it help us learn about other people and their culture, it's so simple that we can learn just from socializing this is one of the most basic parts of our identity. Language isn't the only way that humans communicate but it makes it so much easier to do s o with language. No matter where you go in the world, there was always be different languages everywhere. For example if you come to Los Angeles, it is a lot of people from different places coexisting in the same region. Languages can be gray in many ways what they also can make it difficult for people to communicate as well. If you speak English but someone else speak Spanish it may be difficult to understand what the other person is saying, making the conversation more difficult than if you both spoke the same language. Although it may be difficult for us to all speak the same language, we can definitely learn how to speak others language through tutoring and other resources. Especially if you like traveling around the world it is a good idea to know more than one language. Thus language is not the creation of one person or of one period but it is an collection, on which hundreds of generations and numerous individual workers have worked. Language is like a update to mankind. It raised Man from a low state of being to a articulate frame of mind. Additionally, man differs from animals is that man alone is the sole possessor of language. No doubt animals have some level of communication but that is not only inferior in degree to human language, but, is completely different and complex. Also, language helps with the spread of culture. Sometimes an idea or situation is not able to be explained with language, this makes it hard to translate. Language is so important to humankind I really can't imagine life without it. It can easy to forget how useful our words can be and the history that comes with it. Race refers to a person physical person such as hair, eyes and color. It also represents the concept of dividing people into groups based on physical characteristic (which is a result from your genetic ancestry). People may wonder does race play a role in our society today I would say yes! Throughout history we have witnessed the effects and even today there are still race issues going on in our society. Racism ties together with race so, people may may wonder does this still exist, I would say yes based on the way society is structured it highly suggest that it definitely exist. For example, higher prestige jobs tend to be based on race and background more so than the skills you're

Grand Bargain - Details and Explanation

Grand Bargain - Details and Explanation The term grand bargain is used to describe a potential agreement between President Barack Obama and congressional leaders in late 2012 on how to curb spending and reduce the national debt while avoiding steep automatic spending cuts known as sequestration or the fiscal cliff set to take place the following year to some of the most important programs in the United States. The idea of a grand bargain had been around since 2011 but the real potential emerged following the 2012 presidential election, in which voters returned many of the same leaders to Washington, including Obama and some of his fiercest critics in Congress. The looming fiscal crisis combined with a polarized House and Senate provided high drama in the final weeks of 2012 as lawmakers worked to avoid the sequestration cuts. Details of the Grand Bargain The term grand bargain was used because it would be a bipartisan agreement between the Democratic president and Republican leaders in the House of Representatives, who had been gridlocked on policy proposals during his first term in the White House. Among the programs that could be targeted for substantial cuts in a grand bargain are the so-called entitlement programs: Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. Democrats who resisted such cuts would agree to them if Republicans, in return, sign off on higher taxes on certain high-income wage-earners much like the Buffett Rule would have imposed. History of the Grand Bargain The grand bargain on debt reduction first emerged during Obamas first term in the White House. But negotiations over the details of such a plan unraveled in the summer of 2011 and never began in earnest until after the 2012 presidential election. The disagreements in the first round of negotiations reportedly were the insistence by Obama and the Democrats on a certain level of new tax revenue. Republicans, particularly more conservative members of Congress, were said to have vigorously opposed raising taxes beyond a certain amount, reportedly some $800 million worth of new revenue. But following Obamas re-election, House Speaker John Boehner of Ohio appeared to signal a willingness to accept higher taxes in return for cuts to entitlement programs. In order to garner Republican support for new revenues, the President must be willing to reduce spending and shore up the entitlement programs that are the primary drivers of our debt, Boehner told reporters following the election. We’re closer than anyone thinks to the critical mass needed legislatively to get tax reform done. Opposition to the Grand Bargain Many Democrats and liberals expressed skepticism over Boehners offer, and restated their opposition to cuts in Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security. They argued that Obamas decisive victory allowed him a certain mandate on maintaining the nations social programs and safety nets. They also claimed the cuts in combination with the expiration of both the Bush-era tax cuts and payroll-tax cuts in 2013 could send the country back into a recession. The liberal economic Paul Krugman, writing in The New York Times, argued that Obama should not easily accept the Republican offer of a new grand bargain: President Obama has to make a decision, almost immediately, about how to deal with continuing Republican obstruction. How far should he go in accommodating the G.O.P.’s demands? My answer is, not far at all. Mr. Obama should hang tough, declaring himself willing, if necessary, to hold his ground even at the cost of letting his opponents inflict damage on a still-shaky economy. And this is definitely no time to negotiate a grand bargain on the budget that snatches defeat from the jaws of victory.

Justice in the United Arab Emirates (law enforcement ) Research Paper

Justice in the United Arab Emirates (law enforcement ) - Research Paper Example However, the norms related to compliance, accountability and justice are more or less uniform despite the differences. Factors such as independence, transparency of the regulating bodies, negligence and abuse by officials responsible for ensuring justice, etc., play a key role in determining the success or failure of the law enforcement systems. This paper on justice in the United Arab Emirates discusses the status and composition of law enforcement in the region and compares the same with the United States. â€Å"Our system of government does not derive its authority from man, but is enshrined in our religion, and is based on Gods book, the Holy Quran. ... its teachings are eternal and complete, while the systems conjured up by man are transitory and incomplete.† Islam is an official religion in the UAE and holds a position of key importance within its constitution. Religion in the U.A.E., holds significant jurisprudence in the middle eastern states and the Sharia Law is the key basis of legal legislations in the middle east. The criminal justice system in the U.A.E., is composed of a two-fold regime which includes the Sharia Law - governed by Islamic legal doctrines and is based on the Holy Quran; the sayings of Prophet Mohammed (known as the Hadith); the juristic consensus arrived at by prominent religious scholars i.e. the Ulema; and the method of reasoning by analogy i.e. the Qiyas. The civil justice system on the other hand, is governed by concepts and ideologies on criminal law derived from the western world (Mostyn, 1982). The Sharia law is mostly applied to matters of personal concern and only the citizens are covered under this law, i.e. the punishments under this law are applicable to the citizens of the U.A.E., while expats and foreigners are referred to and dealt with under the criminal justice system which applies concepts and ideologies derived from western legal laws. The legal system in the U.A.E. is based on its constitution

The Effects of Long Term Tumour Diagnosis and the Disease of Cancer Essay

The Effects of Long Term Tumour Diagnosis and the Disease of Cancer - Essay Example I've found that not only does this disease place a strain on the patient but on those managing the patients care as well, myself included. That is why it is imperative to have managing goals obvious in the treatment regimen so that there is always an avid awareness of what the next step of treatment is going to be. This is a positive reinforcement not only for the patient, but for my role as the assisting nurse as well, along with the other medical professionals caring for him or her. Through my years of experience I've learned that breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death for women who develop a form of this disease. The treatments are varied depending upon the individuals own diagnosis and symptoms. Furthermore, medical professionals, especially nurses like me can have a difficult time managing the care regimen of women with breast cancer simply due to the fact that many women's perceptions of their risks and management of the disease are highly varied (McDonald 2002, p.183). Also, being faced with a diagnosis such as breast cancer is scary and an individual develops high anxiety and many fears. This is where the medical staff such as nurses and other medical professionals should provide counselling and understanding to ensure that the management of the disease does not interfere with the patients' mental health, which can be very difficult to do (Aldridge-Clanton 1998, p. 109). I've ran into this problem innumerable amounts of time, especially in re gards to how they feel about their bodies and what they are afraid their life will be like following the treatment process. Many patients state that just deciding on what treatment to choose can promote fear and worry in their minds. Also physicians can complicate the problem if they don't manage the care effectively. Therefore there can not be instances such as conflicting opinions among physicians because it only complicates the treatment for the patient (Aldridge-Clanton 1998, p.110). Furthermore, another issue that can concrete upon the problems is the idea women have about breast cancer and being diagnosed with it. Much of this is due to the fact of the idea that women have of breast cancer, of it basically being a hereditary form of cancer and those who do not have a family history of it don't tend to feel screening and other routine testing is much of a necessity. Therefore, I've found that I need to provide affirmation to many of the patients that anyone is susceptible to developing breast cancer, even those without a hereditary history. Sometimes this can be hard to do in gaining my patients understanding. Therefore, many patients false assumptions can lead to a variety of problems as medical history can attest too. Although 20% of women can have a family history of breast cancer only 5% to 10% are actually caused by the hereditary gene. Therefore it is imperative for nurses (such as myself) and medical care providers to stress the importance of mandatory sc reening and check-up's for breast cancer among all age groups and ethnicities

Impacts of Mergers Acquisitions on Shareholder Wealth

Impacts of Mergers Acquisitions on Shareholder Wealth This dissertation attempts to investigate, the impact of Mergers Acquisition (MA) on shareholder wealth in the European banking industry from 2003-2007 and explains in depth detail of the literature reviewed by the author to provide the basis of the successful achievement of the project. MA has been a popular research topic in finance with broad literature exists on MA. For this review to be achievable, a broad search for information was undertaken by means of the internet and library. The research question will examine the wealth effects (abnormal returns) of MA involving European banks using `event study` methodology over the period of 2003-2007 in both the announcement period and long run post acquisition period. In other words, can MA improves or destroy shareholder wealth of the targets, bidders and combined firms. 1.2 Introduction The decade of 1990 saw the biggest increase in European MA activity. Merger Acquisitions (MA) have been a significant phenomenon in the Europe. and the world economy which symbolizes one of the most important strategic decisions made by managers and shareholders of the engaged firm. Sudarsanam (2003,para1,p.1) argues shareholders and managers may be the most important stakeholders in MA but other groups such as workers, competitors, lenders, customers all have a collective interest in this activity. MA may be undertaken in order to replace an inefficient management, but sometimes two businesses may be more valuable together than apart. Motivation behind the mergers is to maximise the shareholders wealth. However, according to Jensen and Ruback (1983) and Sirower and O`byrne (1998), in almost two third of cases, mergers produce wealth gains for target shareholders and more or less zero gains to acquirers. Various studies have found that, usually the announcement of bank mergers neither create nor destroy shareholders value Pilloff and Santomero (1998). Also, some studies indicates that the announcement of certain types of bank mergers do create value, if that merger reduce costs. Berger, Demsetz, Strahan (1999) identified five fundamental dynamic factors that motivate corporate takeovers i.e. an increase of globalization, technological progress, financial deregulation, changes in customer demand and the integration of financial markets. Arnold (2005, para2, p.1041), defined mergers as the combining of two business entities under common ownership whereas Bruner (2005) states it as consolidation of two firms that creates a new entity in the eyes of the law. According to Investorwords.com acquisition is a acquiring control of a corporation, called a target, by stock purchase or exchange, either `hostile` or `friendly` which also be called takeover. E.g. in October 2007, Royal bank of Scotland (RBS) merged with Dutch bank ABN Amro to clinch Europes biggest ever banking takeover with 86% of ABN Amros shareholders accepting a 71bn euro (Ft.com). Bruner (2005) argues takeover activities are strategic transactions that could turn out to be an excellent investment of capital and resources. 1.3Merger waves Nowadays, MA is well known fact that comes in waves according to evidence from Bruner (2005), Gorton, Kahl Rosen (2005), Martynova Renneboog (2006). Five individual merger waves were observed in the UK economy in the last century i.e. 1900`s, the 1960`s, the 1970`s, the 1980`s and the 1990`s. (Kastrinaki, Stoneman 2007) Brankman, Garretsen, Van Marrewijk (2008) argues that, in terms of economic importance, the dominant merger wave unpredictable is the positive global outcome, suggesting that MA waves are an economy wide global phenomenon. The wave of bank mergers has been established to explain the diverse theories e.g. the `efficiency hypothesis` expect that mergers improve efficiency and help poor banks to survive as competition becomes increasingly rigorous in the banking industry. Gugler, Mueller, Yurtoglu (2004) finds that merger waves can be implicit if one identify that MA do not boost efficiency and doesnt increase shareholders` wealth but instead sited that MA waves are best come across as the answer of overvalued shares and managerial opinion. 1.4Why do MA occur? In various European countries, mergers have allowed banks to increase efficiency by assisting the coordination of the closing of branches. Banks shareholders and managers need to recognize the potential sources of economic gain emerged from MA. Banks can reduce costs and increase value in different ways e.g. diversification. I.e. if mergers generate cost synergies such as economies of scale, banks can reduce expenses. According to evidence from Berkovitch Narayanan (1993), Sudarsanam, Holl Salami (1996), Hannan Pilloff (2006), Martynova Renneboog (2006), the motives for MA have been categorised into the three main groups i.e. economic motive or synergy, managerial or agency problems and hubris. The actual distribution of merger gains between target and bidder shareholders will depend on their individual negotiating strengths. Therefore, following table shows the impact of mergers on shareholders wealth: Merger Motive Total Gains Target Gains Bidder Gains Synergy + + + Agency problems + Hubris 0 + 1.4.1 Synergy Motive The first key group that accounts for MA is an economic or synergy motive which means that two companies can achieve together which they cant achieve single-handedly. Siems (1996) argued that synergy theory projected that the acquiring bank can efficiently create synergies via economies of scale and scope by reducing costs and eliminating redundancies and duplication. Economies of scale occurs when the average unit cost of production declines as volume increases e.g. banking mergers in the UK of Bank of Scotland and Halifax of 30bn merger in May 2001, to create HBOS fifth major force in UK banking sector. The idea was that the Bank of Scotland was operating in north of the country and Halifax was in south by merging these two banks, were trying to reduce cost of processing banking transactions. Economies of scope occurs when the cost of producing several products in a multi product firm is lower than the cost of producing the same products by individual firms e.g. Banc assurance model, British banking and issuance giant Lloyds TSB acquired Scottish Widows in June 1999 for 7bn. Sudarsanam et al (1996) identified the sources of value creation into three main types i.e. operational synergy, managerial synergy and financial synergy. Operational synergy occurs during the recognition of economies of scale and scope, vertical integration, the elimination of duplicate activities, the transfer of knowledge or skills by the bidders management team and a reduction in agency costs by bringing organization precise assets underneath common ownership (Ravenscraft Scherer 1987, 1989 cited in Martynova Renneboog 2006). Sources of value in vertical mergers includes reducing transaction costs in which combining different stages of the production chain can reduce costs of communication and bargaining i.e. one companys output is other companys input and by putting together will make the business efficient. E.g. Microsoft bid for Yahoo in January 2008, worth $42bn that will create more powerful browser or have a better chance of tackling the internet search leader. Having said that, current trends towards outsourcing suggest that, the benefits from vertical mergers are limited. According to Martynova Renneboog (2006), establishments of operating synergies reduce production distribution costs and yielding an incremental cash flow accruing to the companys post-merger shareholders. Sudarsanam et al (1996) argues managerial synergy could occur if the bidder has a competent managerial team and takes over a target with fewer competent managers. Such takeover is disciplinary and likely to improve the wealth gain for both bidder and target shareholders. Having said that, there is a considerable risk of agency problems where the managers do not operate in the interest of shareholders. Martynova Renneboog (2006) argues that diversifying takeovers are likely to gain from financial synergies in which financial synergies may incorporate improved cash flow stability, cheaper access to capital, an internal capital market as well as contracting efficiencies created by a reduction in managers employment risk. Conglomerate mergers allow risk diversification by spreading the income stream of the holding company over a wide variety of products and markets. Sudarsanam et al (1996) finds that financial synergy materialize from three likely sources i.e. the tax advantage of unused debt, the growth opportunities and financial resources of the emerging companies and the coinsurance of debt of the two companies which result in lower costs of capital. 1.4.2 Agency factor The second main motive for MA is managerial or agency factor. Shareholders are Principals i.e. owners of companys assets and managers are employed as shareholders Agents to manage these assets on their behalf. Managers should make decisions that are consistent with the objective of maximize the shareholder wealth, but managers do not share this objective necessarily. Managers will have their own personal objectives which will be mainly concerned with maximizing their own welfare (Sudarsanam et al 1996). Therefore, managerial decisions in acquisitions may result in agent costs that reduce the total value of the joint firm as they do not maximise but weaken shareholders return. Berger, Demsetz, Strahan (1999) argues that one managerial intention may be empire-building. Executive compensation leads to increase with companys size, so managers may wish to accomplish personal financial gains by engaging in MA, although at least in part the higher observed compensation of the managers of larger institutions rewards greater skill and effort. To protect their firm-specific human capital, some managers may also try to reduce insolvency risk below the level i.e. in shareholders interest possibly by diversifying risk through MA movement. Arnold (2005) observes that the managers may enjoy the thrill of the merger process itself and as a result push for such deals to take place. 1.4.3 Hubris The third and final main motive for MA is Hubris which was specified by Richard Roll in 1986. Arnold (2005, para2, p.1055), define hubris as over weaning self confidence or, less kindly, arrogance. The hubris hypothesis states that the valuation of target by the bidder management is over optimistic and per se the bidding firms management overpays for the target. This perhaps for a number of bases such as decisions makers believing themselves, that the value exists when it does not or that their valuation is correct and that the market is not shimmering the full economic value of the combined firm. These managers may perhaps be overconfident or have misplaced faith in their ability to develop the profit performance of the target firm. Berkovitch Narayanan (1993) argues that the hubris maintains that decision makers in the bidding firms simply pay too much for their targets as a result of mistakes in overestimating the value of the targets. 1.5 Factors influencing shareholder returns Shareholders returns are not just affected by MA announcements, but they are also influenced by bid characteristics e.g. method of payment, cross border MA, friendly vs. hostile bids etc. 1.5.1 Method of payment The method of payment is one of the key variables that must be agreed between the buyer and seller to determine the firms` abnormal returns and overall outcome of the bid. According to Huang and Walkling (1989), The form of payment will influence bidding strategy if it affects the anticipated NPVs of an acquisition. Huang and Walkling found that when method of payment and degree of conflict were taken into account statistically, abnormal returns were no higher in tender offers than in mergers. Payment methods can affect NPVs through interrelations with either acquisition cost or the probability of success or both whereas Dube, Glascock Romero (2007) argues that the different stages of benefit growing to the target and acquiring firms shareholders is attributed to the alternative methods of payments. Arnold (2005, para1, p.1059) states that cash payment has been the most popular and most valued method of payment which offers higher return than equity. For example, bidding firm is expected to carry out stock financed merger if the management of bidding firm has better-quality inside information that the existing assets of the firm are overvalued. However, if the bidder firm has confidential information about the target company and trusts it to be undervalued, then it probably offer cash financed merger. Therefore, merger financed with stocks are a negative signal because the use of stocks as a method of payment is more likely to occur when the stock is overvalued, while the use of cash is taken as the firm being overvalued. Alternatively, if target shareholders consider that their bank is overvalued, they will prefer to receive cash. This theory is supported by empirical literature and it demonstrates that at the time of the bid announcement acquirers who propose cash, tend to practice higher abnormal returns than those who offer stock financed merger. The advantage of cash is that the acquirer shareholders hold the same level of control over their company because their proportion of ownership has not been diluted by giving target shareholders stock options in the merged company. Therefore, the returns to the shareholders of a bidding firm will be higher in cash financed merger than the stock. Brealey, Myers Marcus (2004, para1, p.599) states if cash is offered, the cost of the merger is not affected by the size of the merger gains. And if stock is offered, the cost depends on the gains because the gains show up in the post merger share price, and these shares are used to pay for the acquired firm. 1.5.2 Cross border MA The combination of worldwide financial markets has been going together with, increases in the number and tiny proportion of firms that operate in the global market and the globalization process has been to a rational extent encouraged by cross border MA. According to Brankman, Garretsen, Van Marrewijk (2005, 2008) cross border MA are the main medium for foreign direct investment. MA provides fundamental but also limited understanding of this form of takeover, as cross-border MA are most likely related to economy-wide shocks such as economic integration, changes in the legal and regulatory environment or likely asymmetric business cycles. Based on past empirical evidence, though the majority of the domestic MA create significant wealth gains for the targets and negative or zero returns for bidders, cross border MA could have different impact on related firms. Kang (1993) stated that cross border MA are expected to create more wealth than domestic ones because of existence of market imperfections which leads to guide multinational firms (MNC) having a competitive advantage over local firms. Foreign banks have to act in accordance with with both regulations at home and abroad; domestic credit establishments have cost advantages, since fulfilling two diverse sets of regulation enforce additional costs on foreign banks. Also, different regulations reduce the amount of related fixed costs. This decreases the possibility for banks to collect benefits from economies of scale and scope. Economies of scale propose that bank is able to reduce its costs by growing the volume of output of products and services it already produces. As a result of developing into new country, a bank increases its potential client base and benefits from economies of scale. According to economies of scope, banks that diversify activities could reduce costs by providing more services. 1.5.3 Friendly vs. hostile bids Analysis regarding the impact of hostile takeovers has been arguable, varying from the benefits of market discipline for maximizing efficient utilization of resources to the damage of market shortsightedness on the economy, on the society and on value built over years. Dube, Glascock Romero (2007) argues such debates can impact financial marketsand can be expected to expand as developing markets open up to foreign corporations and as economic power is redistributed amongst countries. Hostile takeovers occur, when the management of a firm resists the takeover attempt by bidders. Lambrecht and Myers (2007) state that in some cases a potentially hostile acquirer could be better off negotiating with the target management for a merger and that such a situation reduces the power of the target shareholder to extract value from the bidder. Hostile acquisitions also involve swifter and more drastic changes in target. In both friendly and hostile acquisitions, overpayment can arise due to age ncy reflection of managerial objective maximization by the acquirer management. Goergen and Renneboog (2003) analyzed the market reactions to the different types of takeovers i.e. friendly, hostile and bids with multiple bidders. They found that hostile bids created the largest abnormal returns for the target i.e. 13% on the announcement day. When a hostile bid is made, the share price of the target straight away reflects the expectation that opposition to the bid will guide to upward revisions of the offer price. Various empirical studies have found that the returns to bidders in hostile takeovers are negative; resulting in low possibility of success of a hostile bid. 1.6 Impact of MA on shareholders Almost all of the studies of MA in banking industry are based on US data. As we know, one of the main objectives of mergers is to maximise the shareholders value by the means of increase in dividends and increase in share prices, so the shareholders can enjoy the capital gains. The two most important methods which can be used to assess the impact of MA were explained by Firth in 1980. In the first method, accounting information is used to determine the firms` financial performance profitability. The second method believes in efficient market which can be used in share price movements to estimate the economic impact of the event. The second method, direct measures any increase or reduction in shareholders wealth but also experience from the reality that no market is really efficient which results to mislead conclusions due to movement in share price. In this project, author chose the second method i.e. an event study in which the focal point will be on three different sets e.g. the target, the bidder and the impact of MA on combined firm in the long run. Various empirical studies on MA have concentrated on establishing stock market reaction around the announcement of a deal and whether a merger creates value for the shareholders of target and bidding firm. Delong (2001) examined 56 banks between 1991 and 1995, for focusing mergers that create positive abnormal returns whereas diversifying mergers produce negative abnormal returns. DeLong (2001) has point out that upon announcement the market responds positively to mergers that focus both on the activities and geography, which is consistent with Siems (1996). Delong finds that the cumulative abnormal returns (CAR) of target firm has been increased to 14.8% after merger and the bidding firm loose a significant 2.2%, whereas the combined firm neither created nor destroyed the shareholders value. The result also shows that the long term performance is improved when mergers involve inefficient bidders, payment not just made by cash and earnings are not diversified. Cybo ottone and Murgia (2000) analysed 54 largest MA deals with CARs at +3,41% between 1988 and 1997 on the European banking sector in 14 European markets. They have found that at the time of announcement, there was a positive and an important increase in the market value of the banks engaged in these deals. They have found positive abnormal returns for both buyers and the sellers using the general market index in the short period of eleven days, but found negative market reaction to acquiring bank. In other words, European bank mergers generate value for the combined firms including the target and the bidders do not lose. Various studies have shown that in Europe and the USA, target shareholders earn positive abnormal returns from mergers. Cyboottone and Murgia (2000) stated that bidding firm shareholders earn positive abnormal returns in European studies whereas in USA studies bidding firm shareholders earn negative abnormal returns from the mergers. Shareholders of target European banks achieve more than the bidding bank shareholders, however, the difference is very tiny indeed. So in other words, we can say that Cyboottone and Murgia (2000) results are not consistent with the USA banking literature which shows that no value creation effects are usually found. Martynova and Renneboog (2006) examined the short term wealth effects of 2,419 European MA announcements between 1993 and 2001 in twenty eight European countries. They found that UK target created higher returns (9%) and UK bidders experienced lower wealth losses (0.5%) in comparison to the total European average result. They also identified the share price reaction of bidding firms; on a hostile merger i.e. it generated a negative abnormal return of -0.4%, on the other hand, a friendly acquisition created a positive abnormal return of 0.8%. Therefore, Martynova and Renneboog (2006) have concluded that MA do create value for the bidding and the target shareholders in which target shareholders enjoy majority of gains as they collect large premiums. Beitel (2001) look at 98 large MA of European banks between 1985 and 2000 using the event study in which he found out, the shareholders of the target firm enjoy positive cumulative abnormal returns (CAR), whereas the shareholders of the bidding firm doesnt earn any CARs. However, the combined analysis of bidding and target European bank merger do create the shareholders value significantly. They also notice a change in the results after 1998 that European bidding banks in large deals experienced negative CARs and especially cross border mergers of European banks appeared to have destroyed shareholders value. Table 1: Summary of bank mergers using event studies of previous Abnormal Returns to shareholders MA studies Sample period Sample size Event Window Target CARs (%) Bidder CARs (%) Antoniou, Arbour Zhao (2006) 1985-2004 396 -2 to +2 17.37 -3.32 Cybo-ottone Murgia (2000) 1988-1997 54 -10 to 0 16.1 Not significant DeLong (2001) 1988-1995 280 -10 to 1 16.61 -1.68 Sudarasanam, Holl Salami (1996) 1980-1990 429 -20to+40 days 29 -4 Becher (2000) 1980-1997 553 -30 to +5 22.64 -0.1 Siems (1996) 1995 19 -1 to +1 13 -2 Houston Ryngaert (1997) 1985-1991 184 -2 to +2 20.40 -2.40 Ismail and Davidson (2005) studied 102 merger announcements in European banking industry between 1987 and 1999. They found positive abnormal returns for targets and the return to bidders differs across the deal type, also the merger deals earn higher returns than acquisition deals. They reported that the high competition in the market and reduction in the profitability in the banking industry in Europe is extending a depressing picture of performance of the future. They also reported low positive abnormal returns to target shareholders compared to other findings in the banking industry in Europe. The reason behind is that the bidder not ready to pay higher premiums in a competitive environment in which level of profits are decreasing. Ismail and Davidson (2005) pointed out that if equity is used as a method of payment instead of cash, then merger deals earn lower returns because of the fact is that equity signal to the market that the equity is overvalued which is consistent with fin dings of Huang and Walkling (1987). 1.7 Conclusion A bank acquires another bank because of number of reasons e.g. diversification, market power, managers preference etc. This literature review looks at the motives of MA based on the past academic studies i.e. Berkovitch Narayanan (1993), Sudarsanam et al (1996), Hannan Pilloff (2006), Martynova Renneboog (2006). Having said that, it is still not clear whether synergy gains or personal quest of managers is behind motivating majority of MAs. Evidence suggests that the managers may use the free cash flow for mergers that may produce negative NPV investments, because managers pursue their own interests rather than those of shareholders, resulting in mergers to not create value for shareholders. Whereas hubris, which supports the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) suggests that any bid for the target at premium overpays and it is result of the hubris. Arnold (2005) state it is similar to `winners curse` where the highest bidder will bid typically higher than the expected value of the purpose. However, most of the evidence suggests that the target shareholders gain positive abnormal returns while the cumulative abnormal returns (CARs) to the bidders are significantly negative and the combined banking firms seems to improve the shareholders value. Various studies also supports the fact that target shareholders gain at the expense of bidder shareholders and bank mergers do not create value for the combined firm in stock market reaction to bank mergers. Also, evidence shows that shareholders returns are not only affected by the MA announcements but they are also influenced by bid characteristics. 2.0 Methodology 2.1 Introduction Choosing appropriate research methods are clearly vital. According to Veal (1997) it is important for the researcher to be aware of the range of methods available and not to make claims that cannot be justified on the basis of the methods used. This part of this dissertation gives an outline how information was collected, the sample design statistics and which methodology is used by concentrating on European banking sector mergers between 2003 and 2007. Firstly, we have to decide the philosophy underlying this research, which involves choosing a paradigm. Collis and Hussey, 2003, p. 352 define paradi

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Capitalism vs. Communism   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout history, there have been many systems developed in order to have a better society. Two of the most analyzed, and debated systems that have tired to change an economy for the best are communism, and capitalism. Communism, and capitalism have been compared on many levels, such as why they will or will not work, and which one works better. Throughout this essay I will concentrate on the differences, and similarities of how each operates, along with the benefits, and problems that each of them produces.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Both of these economic systems theories came about around the same time, in the late 17th to mid18th centuries. One of the main contributor for capitalism was Adam Smith, writing The Wealth of a Nation in 1776, and Karl Marx for communism publishing the Communist Manifesto in 1848. These both were looked as a manual or guide for achieving such advancements. Communism called for the people to not be selfish and work for the benefits of the community rather for their well being. It asks them to see that what benefits the whole, benefits themselves. Capitalism on the other hand is focused on working for individual growth, and personal ownership to provide wealth for one’s self. Communism plans to have a higher power or government control the economy to create a better way of living, by which all goods are equally distributed. As capitalism wants the government to not play a big role i...

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